Don't operate near max ratings if you can avoid it, always giving yourself some room. Pay special attention to the maximum ratings. Here are the datasheets for the 2N3904 and for the 2N3906.Īs always there is a lot of information on the datasheets. I'm always getting the pins crossed anyway, which for most projects won't be an issue if you catch it quickly enough, but it's best to avoid it. Always double check the datasheet for the BJT you are using since some use a different pin configuration. Datasheets are your friend and will save lots of headaches. Carefully note the orientation of the three pins in the image 3.
The three pins are labeled as Base, Collector, and Emitter (FYI - for FETs, these are labeled Gate, Drain, and Source and serve the same functions). Images 1 and 2 are diagrams for both types of BJTs - NPN and PNP. + 9V batteries and battery connectors - for power + jumper wires - for connecting bits together + breadboard - none of these demos is meant to permanent, so get a breadboard for ease of building Some of these will be used, others are suggestions for your own projects later on. Basically components that require some amplification to be useful, or require more power than the circuit can provide. + other bits - LEDs, motor, speaker, flex sensor, electret microphone, audio transformer, etc. + various resistors - a range of values from 100-100kΩ will work nicely.
2N2222 BJTs can be used for the 2N3904 and 2N2907 can be used for the 2N3906 if needed. For the sake of these demos I will be using 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) for nearly everything as these are extremely easy to get your hands on. That means that the parts list is totally up for interpretation according to what you happen to have in your parts bin at home. There are many, many types of BJTs out there, and most of them are interchangeable with each other for the vast majority of projects, as long as you match types properly. They are both extremely useful and very similar in function, although there are many differences. There are also several types of transistor, with the two most common being the bi-polar junction transistor (BJT) and the Metal-Oxide Semiconducting Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). If you wish to learn more on that, check out the transistor pages at and. This Instructable is only going to cover the basics and is not intended to be a thorough text on all of the theory and math behind how transistors work. postage stamp (418 mm 2)īut what do they do? Why are they so important? More importantly, how do I use them in my own projects? My aim is to answer those questions in a clear and concise way so you can get back to your projects.īefore we begin, I want to clarify. The Cortex A9 processor is widely used in smartphones and tablets and has 26,000,000 transistors ( reference). Over the years manufacturing techniques have been able to make smaller and smaller transistors to the point where you can only see them under magnification. Without them, there are no radios or computers, and in turn there are no modern TVs, phones (smart or dumb), or cars. They are the reason we have the technological advances we have today.
Transistors are arguably the most important electronic component in use today.
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